The Effects Of Anesthesia On Cognitive Functioning

Research The investigation of how anesthesia effects cognitive functioning has had a long history. Overtime, it has been suggested that there is an association between anesthesia, surgery, delirium, dementia and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (Inan Ozkose Satirlar, 2015). The theory of anesthesia’s impact on cognitive functioning was derived in 1887, by Savage, who began to observe the â€Å"insanity† that follows the use of anesthesia. He suggested that â€Å"Any cause which will give rise to delirium may set up a more chronic form of mental disorder quite apart from any febrile disturbance† (Savage, 1887, p. 1199). Delirium can be defined as an altered level of consciousness that may cause a sudden decline in attention and focus perception (Isik, 2015). Postoperative delirium was reevaluated in 1955 when Bedford used a series of case studies collected over a 50 year span to describe a connection between anesthesia and dementia. The results suggest that 1 0% of the patients had postoperative cognitive dysfunction (Bedford, 1955). Since these initial studies, research has persisted using a variety of methods, in an attempt to determine: both long- and short-term effects of anesthesia on cognitive functioning and memory; whether the anesthesia administration technique will change the outcome of postoperative cognitive dysfunction; and other risk factors that may be associated to AD. Gasparini et al (2002), aimed to evaluate the association between exposure to anesthesia and ADShow MoreRelatedMagnetic Disorder Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesconsistent advances in psychopharmacology, only about 60-70% of patients respond to psychopharmacological treatment. Of those patients who do not respond, 10-30% display treatment-resistant symptoms paired with problems in their social and occupational functioning, in addition to declines in physical health, suicidal thoughts, and an increased use of health-care services. Although treatment-resistant depression (TRD; also sometimes called medication resistant depression) is not a new phenomenon, there isRead MoreWilliam s Parkinson s Disease And Miguel s Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pagesdifference in the range from mild to severe HIE. With mild HIE, a child may deal with slightly increased muscle tone and temporary behavior abnormalities that may resolve with 24 hours. Those with severe HIE could have long terms effects like epilepsy, motor and cognitive impairment and neurodevelopmental delays. 2. Differences between Broca’s Aphasia and Wernicke’s Aphasia Aphasia is associated with brain injuries, like strokes, that affects the brain’s language areas resulting in a person beingRead MoreThe Theory Of Genetic Predisposition And Abnormal Fetal Development852 Words   |  4 Pagescommunicate (5). When genetic malformations occur, excessive amounts of dopamine enter the synapses resulting in malfunction of the cells in areas of the brain such as the thalamus and the striatum (8). The results can include deficiencies in motor, cognitive, and emotional function (8). Symptoms of schizophrenia mainly lie dormant until after the onset of puberty when substantial neuron restructuring occurs in the brain (8). â€Å"In men, schizophrenia symptoms typically start in the early to mid-20s. InRead MoreSymptoms and Effects of Primary Insomnia Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesSymptoms and Effects of Primary Insomnia Insomnia, defined as difficulty in initiating or maintaining a restorative sleep that results in fatigue, the severity of persistence of which causes clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning (VandenBos, 2007, p. 485), connected with the pineal gland in the brain that produces melatonin that works with ‘circadian’ rhythms, which in time helps control sleep (Gillam, 2009). Through use of polysomnography, researchers find the possibilityRead MoreAnalysis Of John Nash s Class We Watched A Beautiful Mind 843 Words   |  4 Pagessymptoms: positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms is behavior not generally seen in healthy people, or example hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and movement disorder. Negative symptoms is accosted with the disruption normal behaviors and emotions, these symptoms include â€Å"flat affect† which is basically the lack of emotion, reduced feeling of pleasure in everyday life, difficulty beg inning and sustaining activities and reduced speaking. Cognitive symptoms is the last of theRead MoreSymptoms and Effects of Primary Insomnia Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesSymptoms and Effects of Primary Insomnia The APA Dictionary of Pscyhology defines insomnia as a difficulty in initiating or maintaining a restorative sleep that results in fatigue, the severity of persistence of which causes clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning (VandenBos, 2007, p. 485). The pineal gland in the brain produces melatonin that works with ‘circadian’ rhythms, which in time help control sleep (Gillam, 2009). By use of polysomnography, researchers find thatRead MoreDepression Paper1107 Words   |  5 Pagesin mood such as these are temporary, and are pretty common. Aside from these normal occurrences actual depression, or clinical depression, is seen in 1 in 10 Americans. Clinical depression is a mental illness that that can prohibit normal daily functioning. In this assignment I will examine two forms of clinical depression, unipolar, and bipolar depression. Depression can be so debilitating that it can cause a person to become suicidal. This depression is termed Unipolar. According to The AmericanRead MoreSchizophrenia And Modern Treatments.935 Words   |  4 Pagesthe lives of many people as well. Treatment is a very important part of any illness, but this is especially true when it comes to schizophrenia. Without the proper treatment, people dealing with schizophrenia can have an exceptionally hard time functioning on a daily basis and in the community. Over the past few decades, many different options have been developed to help those who suffer from schizophrenia. These treatments combat the symptoms that patients with schizophrenia deal with. MedicationRead MoreAnalysis Of John Nash s Class We Watched A Beautiful Mind 977 Words   |  4 Pageshe is envisioning these three people following him and ha- rassing him when in reality there is never someone actually there. Schizophrenia is said to be characterized into three categories for symptoms: positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms is said to be de- scribed as behavior not generally seen in healthy people, for example â€Å"hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and movement disorder (nihm.nih.gov)†. Negative symptoms is usually asso- ciated withRead MoreSchizophrenia, By Swiss Psychiatrist Paul Eugen Bleuler1182 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia, known as the brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally is a serious brain disorder. Schizophrenia can distort the way you think, expression emotions, act, and affects the way you react to others. Sufferers also have issues functioning at work, in school, in their relationships, and of course, society as a whole. Schizophrenia, thought as the most debilitating of the mental illnesses, is a life-long disease. Schizophrenia can only be controlled through proper treatment, for

The Purpose of Higher Education Free Essays

The Purpose of Higher Education Higher education is important because it aids students into finding self-awareness. Self-awareness is especially important because when people have a better understanding of themselves, they are often encouraged to build on their areas of strength, as well as identifying the areas that could use improvement. Self-awareness often leads to setting goals. We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of Higher Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Setting goals can lead to success. In other words, higher education is very beneficial and helps lead to success. Education will positively affect most, if not all areas of your life. The purpose of higher education is to prepare students for a more successful future, to allow students to have more opportunities in life through a liberal education, and to instruct students on how to think more critically. What is self-awareness and why should I care? Self-awareness is the ability to perceive your own personality, feelings, character, strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, motivations etc. Why should you care about being self-aware? Self-awareness is beneficial, and the words of Brett Blumenthal, a former college student and a bestselling author who has been featured in The New York Times, â€Å"It makes us better people. † Blumenthal lists reasons why self-awareness is important, including increased empathy, admission, acceptance, tolerance level, humility, and likeability. {sheerbalance. com} These traits will not only help you gain success in education and careers, but also aid in being a better person in general. Self-awareness is more often than not taught through higher education. Higher education prepares students for a successful future. Ultimately, success is achieving popularity, profit, or uniqueness. In other words, being successful means that you are content with your life choices. If you are not content with your life choices, then you are usually not as happy as you could potentially be. Success is most likely featured on any motivated person’s list of goals. Preparation for a more successful future is an ideal purpose of higher education. Without that preparation, students lack the knowledge of knowing what steps to take next in their life. Having a higher liberal education opens individuals up to more opportunities in their life. According to The Association of American Colleges and Universities, the leading national association concerned with the quality, vitality, and public standing of undergraduate liberal education, a liberal education is â€Å"an approach to learning that empowers individuals and prepares them to deal with complexity, diversity, and change. It provides students with broad knowledge of the wider world (e. g. cience, culture, and society) as well as in-depth study in a specific area of interest. A liberal education helps students develop a sense of social responsibility, as well as strong and transferable intellectual and practical skills such as communication, analytical and problem-solving skills, and a demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills in real-world settings. † {The Association of American Colleges and Universities, AACU} Some jobs even require that all considered applica nts have at least an associate’s degree. Another great purpose for higher education is obtaining a liberal education. â€Å"Those more educated now tend to be significantly less religious; those more religious tend to be significantly less educated,† says Os Guinness in Fit Bodies Fat Minds. On the contrary, the more educated tend to have broader minds, where as the more religious tend to have closed minds. It is not a matter of who has more or less education, but a matter of who has the ability to be able to think critically. Critical thinking is mandatory in receiving an education. â€Å"Critical thinking is the ability to apply reasoning and logic to new or unfamiliar ideas, opinions, and situations. † {wisegeek. org} In other words, critical thinking is abstract thinking. Why is that important? Critical thinking is important because it creates a higher level of analysis and concentration. When someone is critically thinking, they are more engaged and focused than someone who is not critically thinking. Critically thinking enables broad thinking and avoids sticking to obvious explanations or reasoning. Conclusively, critical thinking is respected and looked up to by many individuals for different reasons, making learning this trait a purpose for higher education. The purpose of higher education varies for everybody. Sometimes people get a higher education for more opportunities, for the sake of self-improvement, or because they are interested in learning and excelling in a specific profession. These three purposes are some of the most important because they do not only affect you in the classroom, but they also benefit you at home, work, or while collaborating with others. Some of the most important purposes of higher education is to prepare students for a more successful future, to allow students to have more opportunities in life through a liberal education, and to instruct students on how to think more critically. Higher education should be considered essential to all. How to cite The Purpose of Higher Education, Essay examples

Point of Views Presented in The Woman Warrior Essay Example For Students

Point of Views Presented in The Woman Warrior Essay The Woman Warrior written by Maxine Hong Kingston is a book of memoirs; an auto biography of Kingston’s life amongst ghost. However, although this book is an autobiography it is not solely written from one narrative point of view. In her book of memoirs, Kingston realizes that a first-person singular narrative point of view provides with too many limitations, by which she can tell her story. Thus due to these limitations Kingston relates her memoirs from multiple viewpoints in order to effectively portray her past to her readers. Most of the book is told in the first-person; however, the first time the reader observes the first-person narrator, or Kingston, tell about her own life is in chapter five. Technique in Fiction warns that a first-person narrative â€Å"results in some garrulous, arch, and irrelevant narrators† with the â€Å"great temptation for self-indulgence† (Macauley, Lanning 139). Despite this, it does not apply for Kingston because her book is memoirs, an autobiography. Instead as to the nature of Kingston’s story, she reaps the benefits of the first-person singular point of view. The reader establishes â€Å"an intimacy and involvement† that gives the impression of the narrator as â€Å"being direct, candid, and trustworthy† (Macauley, Lanning 139). These qualities are embodied in Kingston’s memoirs; for example â€Å"Not everybody thinks I’m nothing. I am not going to be a slave or a wife. Even if I am stupid and talk funny and get sick, I w on’t let you turn me into a slave or a wife. I’m getting out of here.† (201). This quote comes from a rant that Kingston blurts out at the dinner table towards her mother. With the use of the particular point of view the reader is engaged and is able to feel the anguish and anger felt by Kingston, not only towards her mother but also to the invisible world of Chinese customs as well. There areas within the book in which Kingston herself relatively disappears, and she uses the point of view, third-person singular. The most prominent example is the fourth chapter which is told entirely in third-person. Keeping the first-person singular view proves too limiting as Kingston herself was not present during climatic confrontation in this chapter. Also the characters present limited in their knowledge and thus are oblivious. The third-person vantage point allows â€Å"the author to show†¦traits† or â€Å"very common thing about ourselves of which we are not aware.† (Macauley, Lanning 141). Brave Orchid and Moon Orchid on their way to see Moon Orchid’s husband concoct plans, almost comical, of what to do when they arrive; Brave Orchids says â€Å"Scare him. Walk right into his house with your suitcases and boxes. Move right into the bedroom. Throw her stuff out of the drawers and put yours in. Say ‘I am first wife, and she is our servant .’ † (126). The third-person narrative view allows the reader to see how oblivious the two women are to this outrageous proposal, that in the readers’ mind can only end in an epic disaster. Kingston struggles throughout her book to discover and separate the truth from what is just her imagination; however it is within this imagination that another point of view emerges, a shape-shifter that goes through a metamorphosis. Technique in Fiction presents the idea of â€Å"Mr. Alpha† who is â€Å"omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent† (Macauley, Lanning 142). Obviously Kingston, a human being cannot be this, she is limited to what she knows. However in Kingston’s imagination, her mind and her own fantasies, she embodies some of the traits and qualities of Mr. Alpha. As Mr. Alpha the author is â€Å"versatile, flexible, and privileged† and thus has a â€Å"variety of tactics.† The Woman’s Renaissance Analysis EssayIt is unusual that an autobiography written by Kingston is so dominated by her mother’s talk-stories and experiences; although this provides us with another complex character that evolves during the course of the book. The readers see Brave Orchid’s personality mostly through the eyes of Kingston. Thus is would make sense that as Kingston’s herself changes, the reader will see Brave Orchid in a new light. Kingston presents her mother as a brave, strong and hard woman, the living example of a woman warrior. However, as shown through Brave Orchid’s attitude, she can be cruel and unaffectionate. Brave Orchid loathes that â€Å"during the war†¦many people gave older girls away for free† and â€Å"here I was in the United States paying two hundred dollar for you† (83). However when Kingston is an adult and visits her mother, we are shocked to see a whole different women. Brave Orchid sit by King ston’s bed and says â€Å"how can I bear to have you leave me again?† (100). Kinston observes that her mother’s â€Å"varicose veins stood out† on her legs. This new painted picture of Brave Orchids details a weak, vulnerable and lonely woman not seen in the rest of the book. While leaving she calls Kingston â€Å"Little Dog† a â€Å"name to fool the gods† (109). This shows the love Brave Orchid truly has for her â€Å"first daughter† (109). The reader watches the personalities and characters of Kingston and her mother grow and change, as they are gradually shown to the reader. Kinston truly â€Å"produces a many-sided character whom we get to know encounter after encounter† who is emerging, â€Å"being changed by the events of life† (Macauley, Lanning 92). These characters are â€Å"more than a great technical feat† but also â€Å"the center of the art† in a novel† (Macauley, Lanning 92).